Dose response
mg/kg
mg below are for 13 y, 101 lb
- Alertness
- Lieberman 1987. Lieberman 2002, men ~24.
- Cognition
- Lieberman 1987. Childs & de Wit 2006, adults 18–35. Kaplan 1997.
- Endurance
- Graham & Spriet 1995, men ~20s. Southward 2018.
- Power
- Pallarés 2013, men ~25.
- Speed
- Saville 2018. Salinero 2019. Christensen 2017.
- Mood
- Smit & Rogers 2000. Childs & de Wit 2006. Griffiths, adults.
- Jitters
- Richardson 1995, adults.
- Anxiety
- Childs & de Wit 2006. Rogers 2010, adults.
- Heart
- Temple 2014, ages 8–9 and 15–17. Turley 2008. Mandilaras 2022, mean age 14.5.
Clearance
- Uptake
- Bonati 1982. Liguori 1997, adults, 400 mg. Brachtel 1988.
- Metabolism rate
- EFSA 2015. Aranda 1979.
- Sleep disruption
- Landolt 1995, young men ~70 kg.